翻譯策略和技巧培訓教材

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1、LOGO翻譯策略和技巧翻譯策略和技巧English to Chinese什么是翻譯技巧（什么是翻譯技巧（TechniquesTechniques）？）？所謂翻譯技巧則指的是翻譯的所謂翻譯技巧則指的是翻譯的具體手段具體手段，即翻譯，即翻譯SLSL時在某些場合需要對時在某些場合需要對TLTL做哪些相應的做哪些相應的調整和改調整和改變變。翻譯技巧一般包括翻譯技巧一般包括:改變詞類（改變詞類（conversionconversion）選詞用字（選詞用字（dictiondiction）詞序調整（詞序調整（inversioninversion）省略（省略（omissionomission）增詞（增詞（am

2、plificationamplification）重復（重復（repetitionrepetition）反譯法（反譯法（negationnegation）分譯法（分譯法（divisiondivision）等）等LOGO具體應用舉例具體應用舉例詞的翻譯：從泛指到具體詞的翻譯：從泛指到具體英語里有些詞，如英語里有些詞，如one,person,one,person,people,thingpeople,thing等，其涵義廣泛，這樣等，其涵義廣泛，這樣的詞可以稱為的詞可以稱為“泛指詞泛指詞”。然而在具。然而在具體上下文中，一個泛指詞只有特定的體上下文中，一個泛指詞只有特定的意義，當譯成漢語時，需要根

3、據其在意義，當譯成漢語時，需要根據其在英文語境中的含義，使用有特定意義英文語境中的含義，使用有特定意義的詞來翻譯。的詞來翻譯。After high school a person may prepare for a particular vocation or occupation by attending vocational courses either in a junior college or in a privately suppourted training school.Or a person may attend a college or university.高中畢業后，高

4、中畢業后，畢業生畢業生可以進入大?；蛘咚饺俗灾鞯呐嘤枌W校讀職業課程，為從事可以進入大?；蛘咚饺俗灾鞯呐嘤枌W校讀職業課程，為從事某項專業或者職業做準備。某項專業或者職業做準備。高中畢業生高中畢業生也可以進學院或者進大學。也可以進學院或者進大學。詞的翻譯：從泛指到具體詞的翻譯：從泛指到具體 Thus the people of the entire community,not just the parents of the children who attend,pay for public schools,which are free and open to everyone.因此，整個社區的因

5、此，整個社區的居民居民，而不僅僅是入學兒童的家長，都得為公立學校出資，而，而不僅僅是入學兒童的家長，都得為公立學校出資，而公立學校是免費的，每個人都可以上學。公立學校是免費的，每個人都可以上學。詞的翻譯：從泛指到具體詞的翻譯：從泛指到具體Practice:1.My cheap camera takes better pictures than his expensive one.2.Students who do well in examinations are the ones who ask questions in class.3.One never knows what may hap

6、pen.詞的翻譯：從泛指到具體詞的翻譯：從泛指到具體詞類轉換法詞類轉換法 英譯漢時詞類轉換的核心是根據英譯漢時詞類轉換的核心是根據需要將具有動作性的名詞轉換為需要將具有動作性的名詞轉換為漢語的動詞，或者將可表示概念漢語的動詞，或者將可表示概念的動詞轉換為漢語名詞。的動詞轉換為漢語名詞。For students of composition,an For students of composition,an awarenessawareness that rhetorical patterns that rhetorical patterns differ from one culture to

7、 another differ from one culture to another can can helphelp them become more quickly them become more quickly proficient proficient in a writing pattern that is in a writing pattern that is not native to them.not native to them.學習寫作的人若能學習寫作的人若能意識意識到各種文化在修辭模到各種文化在修辭模式上的差別，則式上的差別，則有助于有助于他們迅速他們迅速掌握掌握對

8、他們對他們來說是外在的寫作模式。來說是外在的寫作模式。詞類轉換法詞類轉換法 In those years the Republicans In those years the Republicans were inwere in.那些年是共和黨那些年是共和黨執政執政。The music is aThe music is a gas gas.這音樂這音樂妙極了妙極了。Saud was aSaud was a frustrated frustrated man at that time.man at that time.沙特那時已沙特那時已受挫折受挫折。TraditionallyTradition

9、ally,there had always been good,there had always been good relations between them.relations between them.他們之間一直有著他們之間一直有著傳統的傳統的友好關系。友好關系。This experiment is a great This experiment is a great successsuccess.這次實驗是極為這次實驗是極為成功的成功的。詞類轉換法詞類轉換法practice1.Every British citizen who is employed or self-employe

10、d is obliged to pay a weekly contribution to the national insurance and health schemes.2.A miser is characterized by greed.3.Every Englishman has some knowledges,however slight,of the work of our greatest writer.4.The two partners think differently.詞類轉換法詞類轉換法 We have to analyze and solve We have to

11、analyze and solve problemsproblems.我們要分析我們要分析問題問題，解決，解決問題問題。LetLets revise our safety and sanitary s revise our safety and sanitary regulationsregulations.我們來修改安全我們來修改安全規則規則和衛生和衛生規則規則吧。吧。Gentlemen may cry,Gentlemen may cry,peace,peacepeace,peace-but -but there is no there is no peacepeace.先生們盡管可以高呼和

12、平，和平！但是依然沒有和先生們盡管可以高呼和平，和平！但是依然沒有和平。平。Nels had it all written out Nels had it all written out neatly.neatly.納爾斯把它寫得納爾斯把它寫得清清楚楚清清楚楚。詞類轉換法詞類轉換法表達意義的變通 英語里有不少詞和短語在漢語里找不到形式上對等的表達方式。翻譯時需要根據其意義，按照漢語慣用的方式在表達意義上進行變通，形成順暢的譯文表達意義的變通 英語里有不少詞和短語在漢語里找不到形式上對等的表達方式。翻譯時需要根據意義，按照漢語的方式在表達意義上進行變通，形成順暢的譯文。以suggest為例：Re

13、mnants of broken walls are enough to suggest the splendor of the ancient buildings.殘垣斷壁足以使人們想象到這幢古建筑往昔的壯觀。The sight of the birds suggested a new idea for flying machines.人們看到鳥，便有了飛行器的新設想。I tried to think what could have happened,but nothing suggested itself.我盡力回想發生了什么事，但就是什么也想不起來。表達意義的變通practice:1.O

14、nly one name can possibly suggest itself to him:that of William Shakespeare.2.Those who wish may become private patients,paying for their treatment,but they still pay their contributions to the national insurance and health schemes.重視詞的搭配 英語詞義的理解和翻譯，還要考慮詞和詞的搭配，這是因為英漢兩種語言中詞的搭配不盡相同，有時候要用多個意義相近的詞來譯同一個英

15、語詞語。重視詞的搭配 This can mean that each generation hopes for better jobs,or more financhial security,or ownership of land or a home.這就意味著每一代人都希望得到更好的工作、在經濟上更有安全感、亦或者擁有土地或住房。重視詞的搭配 英語詞義的理解和翻譯，還要考慮詞和詞的搭配，這是因為英漢兩種語言中詞的搭配不盡相同，有時候要用多個意義相近的詞來譯同一個英語詞語。重視詞的搭配practice:None of the parties shall be entitled to make

16、 any press release or other public statement or disclosure concerning this agreement without the prior written consent of the other parties.未經其他各方事先書面同意，任何一方均無權就本協議舉行新聞發布會、發表公開聲明或進行披露。分辨詞義的褒貶 英語和漢語里都有詞義褒貶分明的詞語。但是有不少英語詞語，其或褒或貶體現在具體語境中，翻譯是需要根據上下文選擇褒義詞或者貶義詞。分辨詞義的褒貶 Some Americans have the feeling that

17、idealism has gone out of politics and that personal ambition and money have taken place.有些美國人覺得理想主義已經從政治中消失，取而代之的是個人野心和金錢 分辨詞義的褒貶practice1.His recent discoveries have greatly added to his reputation.2.During the Second World War the aggressive Japanese soldiers won themselves a savage reputation.3.A

18、 successful businessman has to be aggressive.增詞在同一個英語句子里，如果謂語動詞有一個以上的賓語，一個這個動詞只出現一次，但翻譯時，應視需要在中文中增補。增詞1.Detroit has some of the most beautiful residential neighborhoods in the USA and at the same time the most shocking slums.底特律有一些美國最漂亮的住宅區，而同時也有一些最令人震驚的貧民窟。2.Detroit owes its rapid growth and one-ti

19、me properity to the automobile,and above all to Henry Ford.底特律的迅速發展及其一度繁榮歸功于汽車業，尤其歸功于亨利福特。增詞practice1.Schooling is compulsory in most states to the age of 16.2.The American people are always on the move-from one part of the country to another,from one city to another,from farm to city,from the city

20、to the suburbs.增譯法增譯法 為了使譯文忠實地表達原文的意思與風為了使譯文忠實地表達原文的意思與風格并使譯文合乎表達習慣格并使譯文合乎表達習慣,必須增加一必須增加一些詞語些詞語,這就叫增譯法這就叫增譯法.增詞義增加虛詞為多，也可酌量增加實增詞義增加虛詞為多，也可酌量增加實詞。詞。英譯漢時經常增加的詞有結構詞、數量英譯漢時經常增加的詞有結構詞、數量詞、概念詞、語氣詞等。詞、概念詞、語氣詞等。從增補的功能來看，可以分為從增補的功能來看，可以分為結構增補結構增補、意義增補意義增補和和修辭增補修辭增補。I am looking forward to the holidays.I am l

21、ooking forward to the holidays.我等待假日我等待假日的到來的到來。Much of our morality is customary.Much of our morality is customary.我們大部分的道德我們大部分的道德觀念觀念都有習慣性。都有習慣性。Reading Reading makesmakes a full man;conference a ready a full man;conference a ready man;and writing an exact man.man;and writing an exact man.讀書讀書使人使

22、人充實，討論充實，討論使人使人機智，筆記機智，筆記使人使人精確。精確。Histories make men wise;poets witty;the Histories make men wise;poets witty;the mathematics subtle;natural philosophy deep;mathematics subtle;natural philosophy deep;moral grave;logic and rhetoric able to moral grave;logic and rhetoric able to contend.contend.讀史讀史使

23、人使人明智，讀詩明智，讀詩使人使人靈秀，數學靈秀，數學使人使人周密，科周密，科學學使人使人深刻，倫理深刻，倫理使人使人莊重，邏輯修辭之學莊重，邏輯修辭之學使人使人善善辯。辯。減譯法減譯法 增譯法的反面增譯法的反面 減譯法是指原文中有些詞在譯文中不譯出來減譯法是指原文中有些詞在譯文中不譯出來,因為譯文中雖無其詞而已有其意因為譯文中雖無其詞而已有其意,或者在譯或者在譯文中是不言而喻的文中是不言而喻的;減譯法是刪去一些可有可無的減譯法是刪去一些可有可無的,或者有了反或者有了反而累贅或違背譯文習慣表達法的詞而累贅或違背譯文習慣表達法的詞,并不是并不是把原文的某些思想內容刪去。把原文的某些思想內容刪去。

24、省譯和增補是相輔相成的兩種翻譯技巧。省省譯和增補是相輔相成的兩種翻譯技巧。省譯分為譯分為結構省譯結構省譯和和精煉壓縮精煉壓縮。所謂結構省譯是由于英漢兩種語言在句子結所謂結構省譯是由于英漢兩種語言在句子結構上的差異造成的。在英譯漢時經常省略的構上的差異造成的。在英譯漢時經常省略的詞有詞有代詞、系詞、介詞、連詞、冠詞、先行代詞、系詞、介詞、連詞、冠詞、先行詞詞等。等。作主語和定語的人稱代詞以及做定語作主語和定語的人稱代詞以及做定語的物主代詞均可省譯。的物主代詞均可省譯。如果把結構省譯看作是消極的省譯手段，那如果把結構省譯看作是消極的省譯手段，那么精煉壓縮則是積極的省譯手段，前者明顯，么精煉壓縮則是

25、積極的省譯手段，前者明顯，后者隱晦。后者隱晦。A book is useful.A book is useful.書（是）有用（的）。書（是）有用（的）。TheThe earth goes around earth goes around thethe sun.sun.地球繞太陽轉。地球繞太陽轉。OnOn Sundays we have no school.Sundays we have no school.禮拜天我們不上學。禮拜天我們不上學。IfIf you write him,the response would be you write him,the response would be

26、 absolute silence and void.absolute silence and void.你寫信給他，總是石沉大海。你寫信給他，總是石沉大海。A wise man will not marry a woman A wise man will not marry a woman whowho has has attainments but no virtue.attainments but no virtue.聰明人是不會娶有才無德的女子為妻的。聰明人是不會娶有才無德的女子為妻的。It isnIt isnt rumt rum（oddodd）for a woman to for a

27、 woman to want her old husband back,for want her old husband back,for respectability,though for a man respectability,though for a man to want his old wife back to want his old wife back well,well,perhaps it is funny,rather!perhaps it is funny,rather!（一個）女人為了體面（的關系）而要（一個）女人為了體面（的關系）而要（她的從）前（的那個丈）夫回來，

28、這（她的從）前（的那個丈）夫回來，這并不（是）奇怪（的事），雖然（一個）并不（是）奇怪（的事），雖然（一個）男人要（他從）前（的那個）妻（子）男人要（他從）前（的那個）妻（子）回來，也許是很有趣的事?；貋?，也許是很有趣的事。正說反譯、反說正譯法正說反譯、反說正譯法反說反說 英語詞句中含有英語詞句中含有 “nevernever”,“nono”,“non-non-”,“un-un-”,“im-im-”,“ir-ir-”,“-less-less”等成分；等成分；漢語詞句中含漢語詞句中含有有 “不，沒，無，未，甭，別，不，沒，無，未，甭，別，休，莫，非，勿，毋休，莫，非，勿，毋”等。等。She She

29、 refrained refrained from laughing.from laughing.她忍住了，她忍住了，沒有發笑沒有發笑。She She was refused was refused admittance by them.admittance by them.他們他們不許她不許她進去。進去。An opportunity is An opportunity is not likely to repeat not likely to repeat itself.itself.良機良機難再難再。All is All is notnot lost.lost.并非全失。并非全失。But

30、But all men are all men are notnot born to reign.born to reign.并并非人人生來就都是作帝王的。非人人生來就都是作帝王的。All that flatter you All that flatter you too muchtoo much are not are not faithful friends.faithful friends.吹捧你的人并非都是你的忠實朋友。吹捧你的人并非都是你的忠實朋友。Private.Private.閑人莫入。閑人莫入。Keep upright.Keep upright.切勿倒置。切勿倒置。Wet pa

31、int.Wet paint.油漆未干。油漆未干。Urban clearway.Urban clearway.市區通道，不準停車。市區通道，不準停車。Inflammables-keep away from fire.Inflammables-keep away from fire.易燃物品，請勿近火。易燃物品，請勿近火。No deposit will be refunded unless No deposit will be refunded unless ticket produced.ticket produced.憑票退還押金。憑票退還押金。These visits will operat

32、e only if These visits will operate only if weather permits.weather permits.以上參觀項目遇雨停止或以上參觀項目遇雨停止或改期。改期。If you forward the transcripts yourself,If you forward the transcripts yourself,they can be considered official only if they can be considered official only if the school envelope has remained sea

33、led.the school envelope has remained sealed.如果你本人遞交證件，只有校方信封保持密如果你本人遞交證件，只有校方信封保持密封才可以被認為是正式的。封才可以被認為是正式的。（誤）（誤）如果證件由申請人本人遞交，則本人不得擅如果證件由申請人本人遞交，則本人不得擅自啟封，否則證件將視為無效。（正）自啟封，否則證件將視為無效。（正）語態變換法語態變換法 被動變主動主動變被動被動變主動主動變被動 英語比漢語用更多的被動語態；英語比漢語用更多的被動語態；英語中用被動語態的句子翻譯成漢語時，我英語中用被動語態的句子翻譯成漢語時，我們可根據漢語的語言習慣把被動語態轉換

34、成們可根據漢語的語言習慣把被動語態轉換成主動語態；主動語態；漢語中用主動語態的句子也可根據具體情況漢語中用主動語態的句子也可根據具體情況轉換成被動語態。轉換成被動語態。語態變換法語態變換法 1.1.英語被動句譯成漢語漢語被動句英語被動句譯成漢語漢語被動句一般說來，凡是以一般說來，凡是以by somebodyby somebody表表明動作執行者的被動句，可借助漢語里表示明動作執行者的被動句，可借助漢語里表示被動意義的詞如被動意義的詞如“被被”“”“由由”“”“受受”“”“給給”等譯成被動句。等譯成被動句。語態變換法語態變換法1.The public shcools 1.The public s

35、hcools are administered are administered by local school boards-a group of by local school boards-a group of people elected by the voters.people elected by the voters.公立學校公立學校由選民選出的地方學校管理委員會管理。由選民選出的地方學校管理委員會管理。2.Actually,a great deal of the 2.Actually,a great deal of the Presidents power is Preside

36、nts power is controlled by controlled by CongressCongress.實際上，美國總統的很多權力實際上，美國總統的很多權力受受國會控制。國會控制。語態變換法語態變換法practicepractice1.The killer was arrested 1.The killer was arrested by the local by the local police.police.2.Black people 2.Black people were first brought towere first brought to America from

37、Africa as slaves.America from Africa as slaves.3.Many colleges and universities 3.Many colleges and universities are are privately supported.privately supported.語態變換法語態變換法2.2.英語被動句譯成漢語主動句英語被動句譯成漢語主動句由于漢語較少使用被動句形式，因此在很多由于漢語較少使用被動句形式，因此在很多時候，按照漢語表達習慣，英語被動句往往時候，按照漢語表達習慣，英語被動句往往譯成隱含譯成隱含“被動被動”意義的主動句形式，即不

38、意義的主動句形式，即不使用表示被動意義的詞和結構使用表示被動意義的詞和結構語態變換法語態變換法1.Almost every kind of climate 1.Almost every kind of climate may be may be foundfound,but the country lies mostly in,but the country lies mostly in the temporate zone.the temporate zone.境內有各種氣候境內有各種氣候，但，但美國的大部分處在溫帶。美國的大部分處在溫帶。2.although grades 7 and 8,

39、or 7,8 2.although grades 7 and 8,or 7,8 and 9 may be housed together in a and 9 may be housed together in a middle school or junior high school.middle school or junior high school.雖雖然然7 7、8 8兩個年級或者兩個年級或者7 7、8 8、9 9三個年級三個年級可能設可能設在在初中中學里。初中中學里。語態變換法語態變換法practicepractice1.The board.decides how school 1

40、.The board.decides how school funds funds are allocated,are allocated,and has some voice and has some voice in establishing the curriculum.in establishing the curriculum.2.While some subjects 2.While some subjects are required of are required of everyone,some high school students,in everyone,some hi

41、gh school students,in addition,take vocational classes.addition,take vocational classes.注意英語常用被動句型的漢語習慣譯法注意英語常用被動句型的漢語習慣譯法 It is hoped thatIt is hoped that 希望希望 It is reported thatIt is reported that據報道據報道 It is said thatIt is said that 據說據說 It is supposed thatIt is supposed that據推測據推測 It must be ad

42、mitted thatIt must be admitted that必須承認必須承認 It must be pointed out thatIt must be pointed out that必須指必須指出出 It is asserted thatIt is asserted that有人主張有人主張 It is believed thatIt is believed that有人相信有人相信 It is well known thatIt is well known that 眾所周知眾所周知 It will be said thatIt will be said that 人們會說人們

43、會說 It was told thatIt was told that人們曾說人們曾說 I was told thatI was told that 我聽說我聽說定語從句的翻譯 限制性定語從句的翻譯 非限制性定語從句的翻譯 靈活處理方式限制性定語從句的翻譯1.Would you please take away the magazine which is lying on my desk?2.I still remember those happy days when we were at college.非限制性定語從句的翻譯1.This system,often referred to a

44、s a free enterprise system,can be contrasted with a socialist economic system,which depends heavily on government planning and public ownership of the means of production.這個經濟制度常常被稱為自由企業制度，與社會主義經濟制度形成對照，社會主義經濟制度在很大程度上依賴于政府計劃和生產資料公有制。2.A classical example of this type of American dreamer would be for

45、mer president Abraham Lincoln,who was born in a log cabin,was largely self-educated,and yet worked his way up in the world to eventually become a U.S.president.這類踹有美國夢的經典例子要數美國前總統亞伯拉罕林肯，他在小木屋出生，在很大程度自學成才，卻能一步一步奮力向上，最終成為美國總統。非限制性定語從句的翻譯exercise1.The Prime Minister will visit the town in June,when he

46、will open the new hospital.2.They drove to the railway station,where they departed.靈活處理定語從句的翻譯 有時候出于漢語行文的考慮，為避免修飾語過于冗長，宜將限制性定語從句譯成一個分句。It simply serves as a mechanism where brokers buy and sell for their clients.它只是提供一個途徑，讓股票經紀人替客戶買賣股票。The new airport,which is merely half an hours drive from the cit

47、y hall,is the biggest international airport in the area.新機場距離市政廳只有半小時車程，是本地區最大的國際航空港。靈活處理定語從句的翻譯 exercise1.The United States has long been known as a melting pot,because many of its people are descended from settlers who came from all over the world to make their homes in the new land.句子的分解和重組 有不少的英

48、語句子，修飾語較多、結構較復雜，大多難以按照原句各成分的先后順序轉換成相對應的漢語句子。這時，我們只能基于英語句子的意思，對原句的成分進行拆分，而后按照漢語句子的結構規律，重新組織，形成符合漢語習慣的表達方式。句子的分解和重組1.Anthropologist Thomas Kochman gives the example of a white office worker who appeared with a bandaged arm and felt rejected because her black fellow worker didnt mention it.人類學家托馬斯科赫曼舉出

49、一個白人辦事員的例子。她上班時一只手臂上綁著繃帶，由于她的黑人同事看見她手臂的繃帶卻只字不提，她感到不快。句子的分解和重組The American confessed to feeling what I believe most Americans would feel if a next-door neighbor passed within a few feet without acknowleding their presence-snubbed.這個美國人坦承他感到自己收到了冷落，我相信如果隔壁鄰居隔著自己幾步之遙徑自走過去，連招呼也不打一聲，大多數美國人也會有同樣的感受。句子的分解和

50、重組exercise1.Not surprisingly,it was an unwelcome change for senior citizens such as Sabine Wetzel,a 67-year-old retired bank teller,who was told that her state pension would be cut by$12.30 a month.2.The most important fact in Washingtons failure on Thursday to be re-elected for the first time since 1947 to the U.N.Human Rights Commission is that it was Americas friends,not its enemies,that engineered the defeat.homework translate a short passage.